{"id":13526,"date":"2020-05-22T16:22:17","date_gmt":"2020-05-22T16:22:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/artjournalstg.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=13526"},"modified":"2020-05-22T17:31:48","modified_gmt":"2020-05-22T17:31:48","slug":"just-being-reflections-on-the-national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-the-legacy-museum-and-the-national-museum-for-african-american-history-and-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/?p=13526","title":{"rendered":"Just Being"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Prefatory note, in the time of COVID-19<\/em>: When I started this project, it was unimaginable that museums would be shuttered indefinitely and that we would all be in self-isolation, clinging to virtual reality for sporadic shards of normalcy. As I revisited my dialogue with Blake Bradford during the editorial process, it seemed to me that our exchanges in real life, in real space, could serve as a proxy visit to these unique and vital museums and monuments. Blake and I were unable to meet in Montgomery, Alabama, which itself requires some effort to reach from New York City and Philadelphia, and so we began our conversation, which we did not record, on the phone. Blake and I had already (separately) visited the National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution (NMAAHC), in Washington, DC, before our respective visits to Montgomery, and so we had the NMAAHC model in mind as the looming point of comparison in the intimate and emotive spaces of the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) museum and memorial. Blake and I agreed that the EJI was a powerful testament and indictment of American history, and we wanted to highlight it as a kind of critical counterpoint to the NMAAHC project in Washington, knowing full well that Montgomery would receive a small fraction of the traffic. I begin with a short topographical description of Montgomery and the EJI, which is followed by an edited transcription of the conversations that Blake and I had in Washington, walking through the galleries of NMAAHC. I invite you to come along, think with us, perhaps argue with us, and keep the conversation going.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align:right\">\u2014Risham Majeed<br>May 17, 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"View of the steps at sunset, with the woden door to the Capitol partially open  \" class=\"wp-image-13529\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1a-State-Capitol.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Barachias Holt, State Capitol Building, Montgomery, Alabama, 1850\u201351 (all photographs by Risham Majeed unless otherwise noted)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Montgomery, Alabama, and Washington, DC<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>And the Northern Negro in the South sees, whatever he or anyone else may wish to believe, that his ancestors are both white and black. The white men, flesh of his flesh, hate him for that very reason.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align:right\">\u2014James Baldwin<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-1' id='fnref-13526-1' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>In what relation do we stand to our ancestors if we insist we cannot now even stand to hear or see what they themselves had no choice but to live through? Is not the least we owe the sufferings of the past a full and frank accounting of them?. . . What is the appropriate level of interest in the interrelation of sex and violence in our history?<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align:right\">\u2014Zadie Smith<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-2' id='fnref-13526-2' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-9996\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-9996 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_9996\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_9996\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13730 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"418\" height=\"596\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2c-Horace-King-Staircase.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13730\" alt=\"View of a cantilevered staircase inside the Capitol building\" rel=\"\" title=\"2c Horace King Staircase\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 52.6006711409%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2c-Horace-King-Staircase.jpg 418w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2c-Horace-King-Staircase-140x200.jpg 140w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2c-Horace-King-Staircase-351x500.jpg 351w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Horace King, Staircase, State Capitol Building, Montgomery, Alabama, 1850\u201351 (photograph by W. N. Manning for the Historic American Buildings Survey of Alabama Project, April 16, 1934; image in the public domain). King designed the sweeping, lyrical staircases of the interior of the Capitol building and was renowned for his skill in constructing bridges in the South. Like bridges, the spiral staircase is cantilevered and seems to rise on its own, without a central support. There is no mention of King, who was known in his time as the \u201cPrince of Bridge Builders,\u201d among the many commemorative statues and plaques around the Capitol building. Only in 2017 did the Capitol commission and install a portrait of King, which is now inside the building.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13660 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13660\" alt=\"View of the entire Capitol building which is four sided with steps\" rel=\"\" title=\"2b State Capitol whole\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2b-State-Capitol-whole-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Barachias Holt, State Capitol Building, Montgomery, Alabama, 1850\u201351<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13659 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1346\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13659\" alt=\"View of the Capitol building&#039;s dome with American Flag\" rel=\"\" title=\"2a State Capitol\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 60.1783060921%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol.jpg 1080w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol-160x200.jpg 160w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol-401x500.jpg 401w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol-802x1000.jpg 802w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol-720x897.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2a-State-Capitol-560x698.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Barachias Holt, State Capitol Building, Montgomery, Alabama, 1850\u201351<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13733 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13733\" alt=\"over life size bronze sculpture of Jefferson Davis with arms outstretched\" rel=\"\" title=\"3c State Capitol Jefferson Davis\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3c-State-Capitol-Jefferson-Davis-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Bronze Statue of Jefferson Davis, \u201cPresented by the Daughters of the American Revolution\u201d (November 19, 1940), State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13734 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13734\" alt=\"\" rel=\"\" title=\"3d Jefferson Davis plaque\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3d-Jefferson-Davis-plaque-e1589832214177-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Bronze Statue of Jefferson Davis, \u201cPresented by the Daughters of the American Revolution\u201d (November 19, 1940), State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13731 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1346\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13731\" alt=\"Stone monument to the Civil War with sculptures of soldiers and figures of women signifying victory\" rel=\"\" title=\"3a State Capitol civil war\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 60.1783060921%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war.jpg 1080w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war-160x200.jpg 160w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war-401x500.jpg 401w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war-802x1000.jpg 802w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war-720x897.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3a-State-Capitol-civil-war-560x698.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Civil War Memorial, State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13732 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1346\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone.jpg\" class=\"slider-9996 slide-13732\" alt=\"Detail showing inscription which reads &quot;the cornerstone laid by Jefferson Davis 1886&quot;\" rel=\"\" title=\"3b State Capitol JD cornerstone\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 60.1783060921%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone.jpg 1080w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone-160x200.jpg 160w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone-401x500.jpg 401w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone-802x1000.jpg 802w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone-720x897.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/3b-State-Capitol-JD-cornerstone-560x698.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Cornerstone laid by Jefferson Davis (April 29, 1886)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The National Memorial for Peace and Justice is situated on a small hill that affords a partial view of the timeless Neoclassical Alabama State Capitol building. While the latter (along with other monuments) presents the official version of the past from the perspective of the Confederacy, with slavery as an almost irrelevant irritant, the EJI memorial and museum fill out that omission, making manifest Baldwin\u2019s observation that black and white have been intimately intertwined from the beginning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The EJI directly engages the physicality of entwined sex and violence that is foundational to the American narrative: it\u2019s astounding how much of the brutality invoked at the EJI\u2019s lynching memorial was spurred by white men enraged by imagined sex between black men and white women. If the Capitol is as much about the dishonest absence of everyday realities as it is about commemoration, the EJI museum and memorial strives to fill this visual silence.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-3' id='fnref-13526-3' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>3<\/a><\/sup> Monumentalizing absences, as the memorial downtown does, drops the viewer in the middle of the ongoing tension between white and black in the South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13669\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13669 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13669\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13669\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13670 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13670\" alt=\"group of bronze sculptures of men and women in chains with the memorial on top of a small hill\" rel=\"\" title=\"4a EJI Memorial\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4a-EJI-Memorial-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13748 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13748\" alt=\"view of the memorial from the entrance looking up a small hill\" rel=\"\" title=\"1b EJI Memorial\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1b-EJI-Memorial-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13671 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13671\" alt=\"detail of a memorial stele &quot;Lee County Alabama&quot; with names of 4 lynching victims\" rel=\"\" title=\"4b\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4b-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13672 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13672\" alt=\"view of multiple stelae in memorial\" rel=\"\" title=\"4c\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4c-e1589832688895-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13673 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13673\" alt=\"stelae rising above the viewer with partial blue sky\" rel=\"\" title=\"4d\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4d-e1589833238952-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13674 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13674\" alt=\"stelae all above viewer&#039;s head\" rel=\"\" title=\"4e\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4e-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13675 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f.jpg\" class=\"slider-13669 slide-13675\" alt=\"label reading &quot;Frank Dodd was lynched in DeWitt, Arkansas, in 1916 for annoying a white woman&quot;\" rel=\"\" title=\"4f\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4f-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The memorial\u2019s primary materials are uniform&nbsp;hollow boxes resembling iron, with a patina of rust, which visualize the passage of time through their ongoing surface decay. Iron at once connotes strength and brutality: it is also the material that bound slaves, rendering them powerless. That textured sense of time also returns specificity to ordinary men and women by naming them individually and making their humanity inescapable in the face of the erasure that endures at the Capitol. This productive tension, visually and morally, is effective at EJI and is selectively deployed at NMAAHC, which we discuss below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13676\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13676 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13676\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13676\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13739 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC.jpg\" class=\"slider-13676 slide-13739\" alt=\"View of the NMAAHC building , showing the metal screen cladding of the exterior\" rel=\"\" title=\"1c NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/1c-NMAAHC-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Sir David Adjaye Architects, National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13740 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382.jpg\" class=\"slider-13676 slide-13740\" alt=\"carved wooden post inside a glass vitrine; an edited reel of film and news footage plays around the perimeter of the ceiling\" rel=\"\" title=\"7a NMAAHC Yoruba post\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7a-NMAAHC-Yoruba-post-e1589842486382-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Top floor, showing the culture gallery with a caryatid post by the court sculptor to Yoruba kings, Ol\u00f3w\u00e8 of Is\u00e8 (ca. 1873\u20131938). This is framed by  the heading \"Africa as a Cultural Source\"<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13677 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856.jpg\" class=\"slider-13676 slide-13677\" alt=\"exterior of three tiered metal cladding with Washington monument\" rel=\"\" title=\"6a NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6a-NMAAHC-e1589833578856-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Sir David Adjaye Architects, National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13678 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC.jpg\" class=\"slider-13676 slide-13678\" alt=\"exterior of three tiered metal cladding\" rel=\"\" title=\"6b NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6b-NMAAHC-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Sir David Adjaye Architects, National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13679 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572.jpg\" class=\"slider-13676 slide-13679\" alt=\"interior of museum showing light coming in through porous metal screens\" rel=\"\" title=\"6c NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/6c-NMAAHC-e1589833761572-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Sir David Adjaye Architects, National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Blake and I are here at the National Museum of African American History and Culture. We are discussing the architecture by David Adjaye, and how it has a kind of &#8220;manufactured authenticity,&#8221; in the sense that the building\u2019s design is said to be derived from the shape of a Yoruba \u201ccrown,\u201d which was never a crown at all\u2014that association reflects a misinterpretation of an architectural element taken from a palace: a carved capital \u201ccrowning a caryatid\u201d (pictured above in the image taken at the museum\u2019s top floor).<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-4' id='fnref-13526-4' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>4<\/a><\/sup> Regardless of the misinterpretation, the building\u2019s insistent dark horizontality produces a satisfying difference on the National Mall because it is <em>not<\/em> a Neoclassical structure, for an effect similar to that of the EJI\u2019s spaces in Montgomery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Just the idea of difference in the signification of the museum is important to acknowledge. One of the things I\u2019m curious about is how this experience benefits from peak tourist season in DC. Considering the numbers getting up at 6:00 a.m. to get same-day tickets, it\u2019s clear that there a lot of people who want to come here. I\u2019m curious what their motivation is, and how they are engaging with this museum. To what extent do they want to engage with the content that\u2019s specifically (and only) here?<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-1000x750.jpg\" alt=\"opening montage of images from Civil War daguerrotypes to TV stills of Arsenio Hall\" class=\"wp-image-13557\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7b-NMAAHC-entry-photo-montage-560x420.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Wall of photographs in an ante room before the elevator that takes visitors down to the history galleries. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong> [<em>in the ante room before the elevator to the galleries<\/em>]: I\u2019m standing next to Bill Clinton. . . .That\u2019s a museum piece right there!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Arsenio [Hall] and Bill [<em>both laughing<\/em>]. This topic, which we will revisit as we\u2019re walking around, is the role of photography and reproduction in this museum as it serves to fill in absences; there\u2019s a lot of surrogacy and simulation in these spaces. Does it reinterpret some iconic imagery in doing so?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The verisimilitude of photographs insists that these things <em>actually<\/em> happened, so that they can no longer \u201cescape\u201d from collective American memory. Because the narrative about the \u201cblack narrative\u201d in America is that these things slipped out of history. The photographs, and there were other reproductions, provide a kind of evidence of everything from nineteenth-century slave auctions to black historical figures; reproductions show these figures were real and had dimension and presence. Bill Clinton playing saxophone on <em>The Arsenio Hall Show <\/em>is included here for Arsenio, <em>not<\/em> Bill!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Photography in its oldest rhetoric: evidence of omission, filling the active void. These are pivotal moments and they vary in their gravity: close by there is Emmett Till with his mother; a tintype from the Civil War; a portrait of James Baldwin. These photographs have various points of view and purposes as an indispensable device for the case the museum is building throughout the galleries: presence, dignity, valor, tragedy, entertainment. It\u2019s a preparation for the history galleries, which will lead us through slavery, civil war, Reconstruction, civil rights, and into the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The introductory montage hints at a more diverse set of narratives than \u201cfrom slavery to freedom\u201d that\u2019s contrived into a lot of black museums. There\u2019s much more scope, both to these exhibits and to the museum as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: That one being the triumphalist narrative that omits Reconstruction and ongoing forced labor, which is the primary trajectory outlined at EJI\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/museumandmemorial.eji.org\/museum\">Legacy Museum<\/a> in Montgomery: it\u2019s much more interested in the ongoing repercussions of history directly in the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, in this museum, I like the way they\u2019ve juxtaposed a kind of somber, formal portrait of a black family in the Civil War era with icons of the civil rights movement. Brings to mind Toni Morrison\u2019s insistent dedication to \u201cbear witness to the quality and variety of black life . . . [in a narrative that] would have to assume that we were still tough, and that our egos were not threads of jelly in constant need of glue.\u201d<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-5' id='fnref-13526-5' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You would think that kind of complexity would have logically led to future affirmation, as opposed to this police force in front of protestors a hundred years later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Something that I\u2019ve found these museums speak to is just the normalcy of black life, on levels beyond just Martin and Malcolm and Harriet Tubman, these both tragic and heroic narratives\u2014that this photo montage includes women\u2019s social clubs and family portraits and people just being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Then you come to Spike Lee and Shirley Chisholm: it\u2019s the popular, the historical, the political, the formal, all collapsed into one, as \u201cjust being\u201d always is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>History: Where to Begin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: I am struck by the offering of complex narratives in this museum. So, instead of it becoming about Africa through the lens of the twenty-first century and what we want Africa to be, it seems more of a rigorous historical\u2014you can speak to this\u2014re-creation of Africa in the world of 1500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13680\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13680 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13680\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13680\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13682 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded.jpg\" class=\"slider-13680 slide-13682\" alt=\"vitrine showing reproductions of Capuchin missionaries to the Kingdom of Kongo with shackles in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"7c i NMAAHC trading to traded\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-i-NMAAHC-trading-to-traded-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. \u201cTrading to Traded\u201d in the history galleries<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13683 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853.jpg\" class=\"slider-13680 slide-13683\" alt=\"vitrine showing reproductions of Capuchin missionaries to the Kingdom of Kongo with a metal altar from Benin in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"7c ii NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-ii-NMAAHC-e1589834122853-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. \u201cTrading to Traded\u201d in the history galleries; reproductions of Capuchins visiting the Kongo King<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13684 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945.jpg\" class=\"slider-13680 slide-13684\" alt=\"National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 2019. &quot;Trading to Traded&quot; in the History galleries. An ivory oliphant (trumpet) in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"7c iii NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iii-NMAAHC-e1589834269945-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. \u201cTrading to Traded\u201d in the history galleries<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13685 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC.jpg\" class=\"slider-13680 slide-13685\" alt=\"National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 2019. &quot;Trading to Traded&quot; in the History galleries. An ivory Oliphant (trumpet) in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"7c iv NMAAHC\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-iv-NMAAHC-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. \u201cTrading to Traded\u201d in the history galleries<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: It\u2019s imperative to dislodge ideas of Africa as \u201csavage\u201d and \u201cprimitive\u201d in the beginning here because that\u2019s exactly what furnishes the rationale for slavery. The museum must visualize the complexity of the cultures from which people were captured and enslaved in order to pack a punch here. This is to ensure that the viewer knows that we\u2019re not talking about people who were coming from some sort of unmitigated backwards life, which is a total invention. Here the curators are doing this through western European representations of African cultures from the period, alongside the artifacts that are coming up on the screen right now: Benin bronzes, Afro-Portuguese ivories, Arabic calligraphy, the plurality of religions of centralized kingdoms that exist into the present. And I think they\u2019ve done that through some loans from the National Museum of African Art and other collections of historical African art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The notion of Europe at the time was also very much fragmented, and we retroactively project unity from the idea of \u201cwhite people\u201d and \u201cblack people.\u201d There are of course many different kingdoms and cultures represented that didn\u2019t necessarily see themselves as unified; it was something that they became unified in their otherness, and I think it\u2019s important to alert the audience to that fragmentary constellation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: It\u2019s equally important to remember that race did not exist in the same way we think of it today in this period; the binary you mentioned is in many ways a direct consequence of the slave trade coming into focus during the Enlightenment.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-6' id='fnref-13526-6' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The other thing that they\u2019re doing here, which is interesting, is divorcing present-day, postcolonial Africa from historical Africa(s) to make the point that the continuity of certain cultures was attenuated by the colonial project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: They also problematize the idea that Africa was something that had to be discovered by presenting it as a preexisting part of the Atlantic world, not something Columbus or whoever discovered. Africa was there, and it was commercially and culturally engaged at that point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: We should think of Africa as a vital domain of the premodern world, which had many centers and many networks.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-7' id='fnref-13526-7' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>7<\/a><\/sup> Here we\u2019ve got this notion of a global economy that is reflected in current discourses within our history of the world as being always interlocked and moving away from the idea of \u201cdiscovering\u201d culture, but also not immediately launching into the slave narrative. There was a period in west African history where there was a mutual dialogue between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Kongo, which they show here in engravings of Capuchin missionaries in front of the Kongo ruler. The Kongo king, Mvemba A Nzinga (1509\u201342), converted to Christianity willingly, and took the name Afonso I. The kingdom had representation at the papal court with its own heraldry.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-8' id='fnref-13526-8' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>8<\/a><\/sup> So it\u2019s critical that this museum doesn\u2019t begin with slavery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: It\u2019s an important historical foundation that is generally omitted. It gives a sense of the volume of contact that shaped the then known world. They are also putting the emergence of modern Europe into context, foregrounding relationships between what became Africa in\/for Europe, what became black and white. The museum is working really hard to tell a different story than &#8220;the slave ships came, took people away, and then in 1865,&#8221; and so forth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I think one of the interesting things about this space is there\u2019s a lot of people in it, but also, basically, you can\u2019t see the space in full lighting. I don\u2019t know whether that\u2019s dictated by conservation concerns for the objects or just the reinforcement, or reenactment of an experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: It seems to me, that this has little to do with the objects, since we are looking primarily at reproductions and metalwork in here. Rather, I agree that they are trying to give you a haptic experience moving from darkness into light. Much of this visit is linear don\u2019t you think? How much do they want to absolutely be sure you see, and before you are allowed to make choices?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Right, and in this space it feels like you prime the audience, but there\u2019s not a central unifying object or destination. And like you said, it\u2019s a haptic and cumulative experience that does not center on a single object or story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Certainly in the first space you were confronted with the history, but here, once you emerge from the Middle Passage, into the role of various countries, you can become much more autonomous in the way you experience the rest of this reconstructed history.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-9' id='fnref-13526-9' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Yet, there is a degree of hierarchy with certain objects versus the cases\/displays. The Albrecht D\u00fcrer depiction of an African man is singled out, for example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"chalk drawing of a black man with a goatee in three quarters view\" class=\"wp-image-13562\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7c-v-NMAAHC-e1589834010723.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Albrecht D\u00fcrer, <em>Portrait of a Black Man<\/em> (untitled), 1508, black chalk on paper. Original shown here; the NMAAHC has a reproduction in the Middle Passage galleries.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: It\u2019s a really sympathetic portrait, it seems, of an African in the sixteenth century (even if it is a reproduction). The other thing that the curators make sure to do, alongside the total dehumanization of people, is to show that their humanity wasn\u2019t so far from reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dialectical Space: Curating Contradictions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: We are at the Jefferson portion of the historical galleries and I think a lot of people have found this to be very successful as a revision of Jefferson as a person without discounting his importance; it\u2019s a more complete account of <em>everything<\/em> he was.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"A bronze sculpture of Thomas Jefferson with the names of his slaves on boxes behind him\" class=\"wp-image-13564\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7e-NMAAHC-Jefferson-e1589834774321.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019 (photograph by Steven Nelson). \u201cThe Paradox of Liberty\u201d shows a bronze sculpture of Thomas Jefferson with the names of his slaves on boxes behind him. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: It introduces and reinforces the paradox\u2014not only the paradox through contemporary eyes but also the paradox that was there all along and acknowledged by Absalom Jones and others in the 1700s, contemporary with the Declaration of Independence and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: We emerge from those very narrow low-ceilinged historical galleries into this big, multistory room with Jefferson at the center. Do you think they got this part right?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: They\u2019re tapping into conventions of how we display the founding fathers and the foundation of America, but they very explicitly introduce slavery\u2014this section is called \u201cParadox of Liberty.\u201d I feel like they got it right. There are definitely some props used to create a mise-en-sc\u00e8ne\u2014the bales of cotton, for example. That level of entertainment, we\u2019ll say, isn\u2019t mutually exclusive from delivering some of the powerful messages and introducing some of those challenging questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: They do so without taking away Jefferson\u2019s dignity. He still has the stature of somebody memorialized in bronze, but the backdrop dwarfs him in scale with the names of his slaves. Of course, here he has turned his back to that reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: It gives Jefferson and Jeffersonian ideals a fuller context that way, and a fuller representation; it conveys a sense of intellect and hits all of those buttons while at the same time giving those hidden figures a presence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Even though their presence is through objects, not as people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: That\u2019s true. They might not have had another way to represent them. These individuals in the 1700s might have just been lines on a ledger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: It\u2019s the inescapable anonymity that Montgomery tries to fill in through different museological devices. The holograms, for example, from the same time period, accompanied by contemporary voices reading historical accounts, were haunting and quite moving. Again, it\u2019s interesting\u2014the panel that you and I were on at the Frick a couple months ago of \u201cnot being in the picture.\u201d<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-10' id='fnref-13526-10' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>10<\/a><\/sup> We were sidestepping this point. I was of the mind that the reason why people aren\u2019t in the picture is because they literally were <em>not<\/em> in the picture, and these absences evince the differing priorities of history. They were not pictured for a reason that transmits their position in history vis-\u00e0-vis the producers and consumers of these images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13686\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13686 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13686\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13686\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13688 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1008\" height=\"756\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV.jpg\" class=\"slider-13686 slide-13688\" alt=\"vie from across the street of the museum; small scale building whitewashed brick\" rel=\"\" title=\"5a EJI Legacy MuseumREV\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV.jpg 1008w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5a-EJI-Legacy-MuseumREV-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Equal Justice Initiative, The Legacy Museum, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13689 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913.jpg\" class=\"slider-13686 slide-13689\" alt=\"opening installations of holograms with voices speaking accounts of slaves in holding cells before auction\" rel=\"\" title=\"5b Legacy Museum\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5b-Legacy-Museum-e1589834921913-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Equal Justice Initiative, The Legacy Museum, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018. Flickering holograms of slaves in holding cells before being auctioned. In the museum they are accompanied by the voices of actors reading historical accounts of this process from the perspective of the captives.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13690 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710.jpg\" class=\"slider-13686 slide-13690\" alt=\"opening installations of holograms with voices speaking accounts of slaves in holding cells before auction\" rel=\"\" title=\"5c Legacy Museum\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c-Legacy-Museum-e1589835353710-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Equal Justice Initiative, The Legacy Museum, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018. Flickering holograms of slaves in holding cells before being auctioned. In the museum they are accompanied by the voices of actors reading historical accounts of this process from the perspective of the captives.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13691 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776.jpg\" class=\"slider-13686 slide-13691\" alt=\"opening installations of holograms with voices speaking accounts of slaves in holding cells before auction\" rel=\"\" title=\"5d Legacy Museum\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5d-Legacy-Museum-e1589835437776-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Equal Justice Initiative, The Legacy Museum, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018. Flickering holograms of slaves in holding cells before being auctioned. In the museum they are accompanied by the voices of actors reading historical accounts of this process from the perspective of the captives.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Next to the King Cotton display there\u2019s a representation of whipping. The way they\u2019ve done this here is to resuscitate an object so it can participate in the narrative of the reproduction. An actual lash silhouetted against the representation of a beating. We\u2019ve seen this before: they had the cattail whip earlier, but it was fanned out in a way that nearly made it an aesthetic object. I wonder about that and the inescapability of aestheticizing objects in a museum context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13692\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13692 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13692\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13692\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13693 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926.jpg\" class=\"slider-13692 slide-13693\" alt=\"vitrine with a bronze head of a ruler surmounted by a fanned out leather whip\" rel=\"\" title=\"7d NMAAHC Yoruba\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7d-NMAAHC-Yoruba-e1589835520926-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Vitrine with a bronze sculpture of an <em>on\u00ec<\/em> (king) from Ife (present-day Nigeria), surmounted by a leather whip fanned out <\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13694 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540.jpg\" class=\"slider-13692 slide-13694\" alt=\"print of a whipping taking place with bags of cotton in the background\" rel=\"\" title=\"7f NMAAHC Whip and print\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7f-NMAAHC-Whip-and-print-e1589835615540-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. \u201cThe Lash\u201d <\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The museum is, in and of itself, a contrivance to maximize the impact of these objects or to tell those stories, and sometimes you have to play these tricks. That\u2019s part of the game. Taking the whip and superimposing it on this picture, I don\u2019t want to call it the best and highest use of the object, but it is a way to make sure that you understand these things in context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: There\u2019s a certain amount of restraint here: there\u2019s a surplus of images elsewhere that are more graphic than the worst things on display in this museum. I wonder about the kinds of decisions that go into accumulating artifacts to make this particular point here, which is cotton, commodity, people and then the necessity of expending people to make it. The tactic of paradoxes, putting two contradictions together you have to reconcile, is effective in this environment. It\u2019s a dialectical space. For this reason, it\u2019s important not to have any originals in here, because then you\u2019re not venerating the singular object. The museum is treating it as an illustration of the past, not as an object of art, which a lot of these paintings are in other museums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s turn to the other didactic supplements here; I notice that the domestic slave-trade map occupies a smaller area here than it does in Montgomery, likely because Montgomery had one of the largest slave markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The story in Montgomery begins with the slave trade, and they don\u2019t have an ambition to trace a more fully expansive arc; their story is about a kind of persistence of white supremacy that starts in 1619 and continues to the present. Whereas this museum tells the story of that larger context, more globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Although the surfeit of stimulation in both museums is similar, among the experience of words, images, objects, oral component, haptic component. The EJI memorial, on the other hand, takes its cue from the model of Holocaust memorials, which frequently insist on contemplation activated by absence. In that space, we have a path which forces us to circumambulate in a ritualized manner before we reach the covered commemorative spaces. It begins through confrontation: the names on those slabs are at eye level, and as we descend, they ascend, in a powerful reminder of the act that is to be remembered. Absence in that memorial is all the more effective because it sits in view of the monolithic, bombastic sculptures of people like Jefferson Davis, so prominently commemorated on the Alabama State Capitol. That is the context that EJI is responding to with restraint and even reconciliation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13695\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13695 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13695\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13695\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13696 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311.jpg\" class=\"slider-13695 slide-13696\" alt=\"corridor of stelae above head height with eye level labels indicating the names of those lynched and for what reason\" rel=\"\" title=\"4g\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4g-e1589835777311-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13697 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h.jpg\" class=\"slider-13695 slide-13697\" alt=\"stelae above head level with the a wall of water\" rel=\"\" title=\"4h\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4h-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13698 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i.jpg\" class=\"slider-13695 slide-13698\" alt=\"stelae from the inner courtyard of the memorial\" rel=\"\" title=\"4i\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4i-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13699 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j.jpg\" class=\"slider-13695 slide-13699\" alt=\"view of haning stelae with duplicates lying like coffins in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"4j\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4j-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13700 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k.jpg\" class=\"slider-13695 slide-13700\" alt=\"view of haning stelae with duplicates lying like coffins in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"4k\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4k-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Versus this museum, which does not have the same urgency in some ways, even though it is a place of veneration, a place of pilgrimage. Here we have a kind of ruin inside the museum: an entire slave cabin (the Point of Pines Cabin at the NMAAHC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"Looking into a small wooden cabin made for slaves\" class=\"wp-image-13566\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-i-NMAAHC-slave-cabin-e1589836048622.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Point of Pines Cabin <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: We are accustomed to appreciating so many different types of aesthetics in 2019 that you end up looking at this and thinking, you know, there\u2019s a certain kind of simple beauty to it. Whereas the label is pointing out how completely available it is for anybody to come in: it\u2019s not private and it\u2019s not a protected space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Which is how it was when it was inhabited: there was no expectation of privacy. Although here there is a kind of voyeurism too, since this was not made to be looked at but was designed for a minimalist functionality. It strikes me as strange the way in which it sits here as an object to be scrutinized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: We look for things that might have never been there, seeing it in this space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: I think back to the distinctions that Alo\u00efs Riegl made at the turn of the twentieth century, about historical value, age value, and artistic value, that outlined how we memorialize or monumentalize certain things from the perspective of the present, which together represent a system of signification.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-11' id='fnref-13526-11' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>11<\/a><\/sup> What does it say that this was on its original property until 2013? Those plantations have been turned into tourist attractions: have you been to any of them? I\u2019m thinking for example of Boone Hall just outside Charleston, with its \u201cSlave Street.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13701\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13701 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13701\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13701\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13702 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street.jpg\" class=\"slider-13701 slide-13702\" alt=\"a sign that reads &quot;slave stret&quot; with three cabins in the background\" rel=\"\" title=\"7g ii Boone Slave Street\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-ii-Boone-Slave-Street-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Boone Plantation, Charleston, South Carolina, \u201cSlave Street\u201d (photograph, 2010)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13703 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins.jpg\" class=\"slider-13701 slide-13703\" alt=\"three brick houses in a row on a well tended lawn\" rel=\"\" title=\"7g iii Boone Slave Cabins\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iii-Boone-Slave-Cabins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Boone Plantation, Charleston, South Carolina, single-room brick homes for slaves (photograph, 2010)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13704 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion.jpg\" class=\"slider-13701 slide-13704\" alt=\"view of a handsome Georgian manor framed through Spanish Moss\" rel=\"\" title=\"7g iv Boone Mansion\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7g-iv-Boone-Mansion-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Boone Plantation, Charleston, South Carolina, Manor House (photograph, 2010)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: I\u2019ve seen and have my own issues with how those narratives are manufactured, but putting that aside, it\u2019s important that we\u2019ve arrived at a point where these things are seen as valuable and historic. It\u2019s not always the heroic things that are historic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Certainly, and that will be the case throughout this museum, I think. It\u2019s using objects to elicit emotions and conjure empathy, among other things. That is not the case on site, at a plantation where I\u2019ve seen people reenacting bucolic scenes from the time period. So someone will be in such a cabin sewing, for example, which is total pretend and a different kind of voyeurism, which I have recoiled from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: You know, it\u2019s almost a reflection on us, in terms of what we need, to understand or to feel history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Absolutely, and to that point: there are no white people in this narrative; they are not the protagonists. At the same time the immersion in the slave narrative is relentless, to the point where we just observed a grandmother with her grandson wish aloud that they had an alternate . . .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: . . . could move on to the lighter, more positive and celebratory portions of this history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Triumph and Ambiguity <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Once we get into the civil rights era, I wonder how much of the responsibility of these sections is to confirm what the audience already knows and to valorize that, versus introducing lesser known narratives. Is there anything here that they\u2019ve resurrected, that maybe the general public wouldn\u2019t be really aware of?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: I would argue no, in a way, because this is iconic black history. There\u2019s Angela Davis and Muhammad Ali and <em>Soul Train<\/em>, and you\u2019ve got Fannie Lou Hamer and Jesse Jackson and the death of Martin Luther King Jr. and the riots. It\u2019s all, in its way, a history that I feel like I was immersed in, but it\u2019s also like watching a movie of that history again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Where these narratives have already been visualized, whether that\u2019s through documentary or photography or textbooks or teaching, even museums are limited in their creativity of representation, and so they can end up mirroring previous interpretations or re-presentations of the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: This is also an era with a very explicit narrative intention; it\u2019s the time when <em>Ebony<\/em> was self-consciously the <em>Life<\/em> magazine for the black community. It becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, and it\u2019s almost too close in time to start to pull at the threads and look at the complexity of these moments. In my own historical examinations, the people who lived\/made this history are still around to valorize their roles in it. So it\u2019s hard to really pull back when those people are still telling the same stories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Is this what happens when one remains so close to the past that one is <em>now<\/em> representing from the point of view of the present? What I keep feeling is the artificiality of this museum\u2019s vision, which creates distance from the very recent past that today\u2019s viewers have directly experienced. I wonder, is it possible to have something more than these kiosks of icons and relics (they are like little altars)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"Pair of slave shoes juxtaposed with a tintype of James Washington\" class=\"wp-image-13572\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7i-NMAAHC-Slave-shoes-e1589836227610.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Slave shoes juxtaposed with a tintype of James Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: There\u2019s also something about these narratives that we\u2019re trying to protect, because they\u2019re so close. We have to believe certain things about Martin Luther King and Muhammad Ali. And as we were discussing before about problematic figures, part of the challenge of being black is you only have so many heroes. Be careful with them, historians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: That\u2019s really, really slippery, because the one thing that I wouldn\u2019t want to do is devise a new set of standards for histories that have been marginalized. I want the same rigor, otherwise with such exceptionalism there is a risk of it remaining marginal and becoming trite. That\u2019s not to say that there shouldn\u2019t be alternative sets of questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Right, right. The Afrocentric version of black history thirty years ago was trying to elevate it to this level and might not have been very careful making the points we are discussing. It was a zero-sum history that didn\u2019t lend black history the same amount of complexity that accommodated problematic issues alongside heroic outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: How much can one problematize the accepted narrative at <em>the<\/em> museum of record? We have to rely on other forums, like the memorial and museum in Montgomery, for that complication to enrich what we know and how we think about it now. Take Ava DuVernay\u2019s film <em>Selma<\/em> (2014), which gives a more complete picture of Martin Luther King, for example, or Kara Walker\u2019s public installations at the Domino Sugar Factory in Brooklyn, <em>A Subtlety<\/em> (2014), and more recently <em>Fons Americanu<\/em>s (2019), at the Tate Modern in London. DuVernay and Walker are making us think about women, without whom this male-centric history is uncomfortably close to hagiography. Nevertheless, this museum furnishes a solid point of departure for others to deepen and question black history. People come to see themselves here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13705\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13705 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13705\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13705\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13706 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13706\" alt=\"a multistory sphinx ith the nude torso of a black woman made from cast sugar at the far end of a long hallway\" rel=\"\" title=\"9a Domino Sugar Factory\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9a-Domino-Sugar-Factory-e1589836708474-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13707 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13707\" alt=\"&quot;A Subtlety&quot; printed onto red brick walls of a factory\" rel=\"\" title=\"9b Subtlety Label\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9b-Subtlety-Label-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn. Label outside the factory<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13708 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13708\" alt=\"nude boy carrying a basket made from cast molasses and plastic; the material is red and iridescent.\" rel=\"\" title=\"9c domino\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9c-domino-e1589836871112-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn. Detail of one of the attendants (a young seminude boy carrying a basket made from cast molasses and plastic)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13709 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13709\" alt=\"nude boy carrying a basket made from cast molasses and plastic; the material is red and iridescent with a amn taking a photo in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"9d Domino\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9d-Domino-e1589836948198-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn. Detail of one of the attendants (a young seminude boy carrying a basket made from cast molasses and plastic)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13710 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13710\" alt=\"detail of the head of the sphinx; over life size made of cast sugar\" rel=\"\" title=\"9e Sphinx detail\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9e-Sphinx-detail-e1589837013891-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn. Detail of the sphinx's head<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13711 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584.jpg\" class=\"slider-13705 slide-13711\" alt=\"Profile of the sphinx made of cast sugar, with a woman silhouetted in the foreground\" rel=\"\" title=\"9f Sphinx profile\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9f-Sphinx-profile-e1589837094584-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>A Subtlety (or the Marvelous Sugar Baby)<\/em>, 2014, installed in the Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn. Profile of the sphinx<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13749\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13749 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13749\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13749\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13750 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416.jpg\" class=\"slider-13749 slide-13750\" alt=\"a fountain with many sculptures installed in a multistory hall\" rel=\"\" title=\"9g Kara Walker Fons Americanus\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9g-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837161416-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>Fons Americanus<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern, London <\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13751 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850.jpg\" class=\"slider-13749 slide-13751\" alt=\"Walker\u2019s statement \u201cFons Americanus: The Daughter of Waters\u201d \u2026.text on a wall\" rel=\"\" title=\"9h Kara Walker Fons Americanus statement\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9h-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-statement-e1589837279850-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>Fons Americanus<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern, London<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13752 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375.jpg\" class=\"slider-13749 slide-13752\" alt=\"detail of fountain crowned by a black woman semi nude with water issuing from her breasts\" rel=\"\" title=\"9i Kara Walker Fons Americanus\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9i-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-e1589837358375-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>Fons Americanus<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern, London<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13753 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus.jpg\" class=\"slider-13749 slide-13753\" alt=\"detail of a nude black man turned away in a boat that is being attacked by a shark\" rel=\"\" title=\"9j Kara Walker Fons Americanus\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9j-Kara-Walker-Fons-Americanus-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Kara Walker, <em>Fons Americanus<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern, London<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: That\u2019s a really important notion, that people come to see themselves and people want to be, in this case, literally uplifted that way. They only want to have so much truth, only want to have so much ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: And shouldn\u2019t women have a more prominent role in that sense of \u201cuplift\u201d? Considering the crucial role of certain women, from Harriet Tubman to Rosa Parks, what is the role of black women in this museum?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: I don\u2019t know how the role of women in early discussions of slavery is addressed or referenced in this museum: perhaps by proxy when domesticity is discussed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-1000x750.jpg\" alt=\"tintype with an enslaved caretaker and a white baby\" class=\"wp-image-13571\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-ii-Domestic-Worker-560x420.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. A vitrine with a tintype of an enslaved caretaker with a white baby<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But then as you move more into discussions of civil rights, certainly I think women have a strong presence in that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Inevitably, but I did notice the one thing now that I hadn\u2019t before: that in the history section, they emphasize African queens, like Njinga of Angola.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-12' id='fnref-13526-12' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>12<\/a><\/sup> And, of course, Sally Hemings behind Jefferson, notably an incorporation of absence. It brought to mind Martin Puryear\u2019s <em>A Column for Sally Hemings<\/em>, which he made specifically for the Neoclassical rotunda of the American pavilion at the Venice Biennale (2019). That tapered fluted column-pedestal from which a bronze post rises, the shackle giving it an anthropomorphic presence as a surrogate for that which was always in plain sight.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-13' id='fnref-13526-13' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>13<\/a><\/sup> Walker\u2019s <em>Fons Americanus<\/em> more explicitly monumentalizes the role of black women in American history; heroizing black women could be a bigger part of the narrative in this museum. The sexual violence directed at women is not represented but implied; that\u2019s what Baldwin was talking about.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13716\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13716 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13716\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13716\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13717 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323.jpg\" class=\"slider-13716 slide-13717\" alt=\"light-filled Neo-Classical rotunda with an oculus. A tapered column from which a single iron shackle rises\" rel=\"\" title=\"8a Puryear Venice\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8a-Puryear-Venice-e1589837659323-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Martin Puryear, <em>A Column for Sally Hemings<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the rotunda of the American pavilion at the Venice Biennale, 2019.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13718 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280.jpg\" class=\"slider-13716 slide-13718\" alt=\"light-filled Neo-Classical rotunda with an oculus. A tapered column from which a single iron shackle rises\" rel=\"\" title=\"8b Puryear Venice\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8b-Puryear-Venice--e1589837733280-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Martin Puryear, <em>A Column for Sally Hemings<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the rotunda of the American pavilion at the Venice Biennale, 2019.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13719 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice.jpg\" class=\"slider-13716 slide-13719\" alt=\"light-filled Neo-Classical rotunda with an oculus. A tapered column from which a single iron shackle rises\" rel=\"\" title=\"8c Puryear Venice\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8c-Puryear-Venice-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">Martin Puryear, <em>A Column for Sally Hemings<\/em>, 2019. Installed in the rotunda of the American pavilion at the Venice Biennale, 2019.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13720 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice.jpg\" class=\"slider-13716 slide-13720\" alt=\"\" rel=\"\" title=\"8d American Pavilion Venice\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8d-American-Pavilion-Venice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">William Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich, American Pavilion at the Giardini, Venice (1930). A three-room Palladian structure with a rotunda. Here Martin Puryear fragmented the view of the portico with a giant screen, part of his installation <em>Liberty<\/em>, 2019. <\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13721 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice.jpg\" class=\"slider-13716 slide-13721\" alt=\"\" rel=\"\" title=\"8e American Pavilion Venice\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/8e-American-Pavilion-Venice-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">William Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich, American Pavilion at the Giardini, Venice (1930). A three-room Palladian structure with a rotunda. Detail of Martin Puryear's installation <em>Liberty<\/em>, 2019: The Neoclassical portico is recessed in the original design; here the otherworldly, perhaps alien form of Puryear's tapered  and bound tube fragments our vision and prevents a complete view of the architecture.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: As you were discussing it, I was thinking about the Emmett Till Memorial. Men in most cases were the victims of these things, which Montgomery is all about, and women were there to mourn. At least that is the narrative we are presented with in this museum, even though we know that women were also subjected to racial violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Perhaps most well known is the horrific lynching of Mary Turner, who was eight months pregnant, in 1918 for protesting her husband\u2019s murder by a white mob.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-14' id='fnref-13526-14' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-1000x750.jpg\" alt=\"marker with a paragraph explaining the circumstances of the lynchings of 1918\" class=\"wp-image-13590\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/10-Mary_Turner_Historical_Marker-560x420.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Historical marker for Mary Turner, who was lynched while eight months pregnant in 1918, Lowndes County, Georgia (erected in 2010)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, in this museum, women are presented as mourners, or the bearers and transmitters of memory; which also means that they can control the story. It was Emmett Till\u2019s mother, Mamie Elizabeth, who insisted on the open casket. You look around, and there are a lot of older black women here with their grandchildren. So much a part of this history is the idea of not forgetting, which is in visible tension with, \u201cOkay, I need to get out of here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The tension between \u201cThis is important\u201d and \u201cI can only take so much of this.\u201d This is important, but for many people it\u2019s a \u201cmemory\u201d lived every day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think about intersectionalities; think about other ethnicities that make up the American demographic. That is something that is fairly new. In this space, race is specifically black and white. Yet, across the African diaspora, across other nonwhite ethnicities, again, the connection with Jews and the world, some of those things were contentious in some part, because the idea of solidarity against oppression was not encouraged (to say the least).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Here the model is segregation of black and white. But if you look to South Africa during apartheid, there was an in-between category of <em>not black<\/em>. Such hybridity is implied here; for example, there are sections on anti-Semitism and anti-immigration as anxieties of American history. Is this museum the place to have this conversation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: That\u2019s a really challenging question, and it\u2019s important in terms of what constitutes the struggle against oppression, against exploitation. How do we start to see their other manifestations, where there\u2019s the track record of homophobia and, in terms of the civil rights movement, of misogyny. How do you represent a movement for social justice that is thinking about social justice in more than one dimension?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Without getting into the ambiguity and disingenuous nature of this \u201call lives matter\u201d rhetoric. Not to create equivalence, but to add a moral dimension that can hold contradiction and progress parallel to each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: It also starts to transform the connectiveness of these social-justice movements. They\u2019re not just atomized and single-issue focused; these systems of oppression function on many levels and impact people who could be our allies. The EJI museum addressed this more comprehensively; white supremacy didn\u2019t always have the same target, and those groups that were excluded sometimes realized that other demographics could be allies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: This history hasn\u2019t been only black and white; it has been white <em>and<\/em> everything else. And that\u2019s more damning, actually, than I think this space allows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Editing and Animating History <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: [<em>In that massive elevator that was packed, which leads unto the historical galleries, Blake and I were talking about whether or not Bill Cosby is still included in the museum. Along with other people who have been dethroned in some way<\/em>\u2014<em>what do you do with them?<\/em>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: These are people who are irreplaceable and very much part of black history; their contributions can\u2019t be just written out in this comfortable way. We can\u2019t pretend they didn\u2019t exist. We can\u2019t pretend it didn\u2019t happen, in terms of the positive impacts. Bill Cosby\u2019s crimes went back fifty years, but the process of making him accountable for those crimes was only the result of Hannibal Buress\u2019s comedy routine going viral. I don\u2019t know that institutions have really figured out how to handle this complexity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: There\u2019s even more at stake with somebody like Bill Cosby, not only for the black experience but also because there are so many fewer people who made that kind of an impact across race, ethnicity, and class. Certainly, taking that out, there\u2019s not a lot left. With the white experience, there\u2019s a plurality of people to choose from (and omit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The role of music becomes so much more prevalent than television, because it is more portable and exportable. This music of the 1960s and 1970s was hugely instrumental in crafting modernity for newly decolonized regions. For example, in Pakistan, my father turned to black music, maybe as a way of marking modernity over the colonial past (but also because it was cooler than anything else).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The inclusion of signature artifacts, as a shorthand for black people\u2019s popularity and success in entertainment, feels like a \u201cmission accomplished\u201d banner sometimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13722\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13722 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13722\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13722\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13723 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry.jpg\" class=\"slider-13722 slide-13723\" alt=\"large shiny red Cadillac on a platform\" rel=\"\" title=\"7l NMAAHC Chuck Berry\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7l-NMAAHC-Chuck-Berry-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Music galleries with Chuck Berry\u2019s red Cadillac<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13724 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton.jpg\" class=\"slider-13722 slide-13724\" alt=\"metal space ship with flourescent lights on a platform\" rel=\"\" title=\"7m NMAAHC clinton\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7m-NMAAHC-clinton-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Music galleries with George Clinton\u2019s P-Funk Mothership<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, in the music galleries the biggest problem for 2019 is Michael Jackson. There\u2019s a large projection that showed the \u201cmoonwalk\u201d from the <em>Motown 25<\/em> anniversary television special of 1983. This is the question I have, the conundrum I have of, you can\u2019t tell black history without Michael Jackson, without Bill Cosby, certainly. There\u2019s triumph\u2014the Jacksons dubbed their 1984 concerts the Victory Tour\u2014but that hasn\u2019t mitigated the ongoing struggle and trauma. Our acknowledgment of those kinds of issues is new enough that museums haven\u2019t really effectively strategized or been transparent about what they are going to do in the wake of these uncomfortable truths. What are you going to do with the museum display when you find out about these things?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: I agree with you in the sense that if you start editorializing history according to today\u2019s standards, we would really not have much left. These realities challenge conventions of museum representation. There\u2019s not just one way of commemorating or memorializing, and one doesn&#8217;t necessarily have to celebrate to include.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: That\u2019s the crux: history doesn\u2019t \u201cend,\u201d and there is no resolve. I would be more satiated with these spaces if they allowed for these competing complexities to coexist without ending with \u201cObama out,\u201d you know?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the things I was struck by the first time I came here was that the museum was pretty thorough in terms of constructing a contemporary history that was inclusive. They\u2019ve chosen to go deeper and hit some of these, say, lesser figures, but figures that indelibly existed. We return to that question of authenticity around blackness that has been in contention since Alain Locke. What does it mean for black people who are not included in these narratives? We have Anita Hill highlighted but not Clarence Thomas, for example.<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"color stills of news footage from the 1980s highlighting Anita Hill\" class=\"wp-image-13570\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562-560x747.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7h-i-NMAAHC-anita-hill-e1589839686562.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Stills of news footage from the 1980s highlighting Anita Hill<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because of the conversations we\u2019ve had about history and museums and omission, one of the things that has been central to black history has been depiction, has been photography. Vernacular photographers that provide evidence of black existence and black humanity are so important to a place like this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: That\u2019s also self-possession, through self-representation, for posterity, through studios and later through more casual snapshots. Photography has played such a big role in representing the ordinary humanity of recent history for those who are not represented in the metanarratives; it allows for an autonomous fashioning of identity that rejects the identity that is grafted onto you by society at large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The National Museum for African American History and Culture in that way is a catalyst for performing black history\u2014that the existence of this place, the opening of this place, part of its significance, wasn\u2019t just what it held in the experience here, but the idea of capturing black history in an archival manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Evident in the way they\u2019ve created moving images from still images so as to animate the past, because looking at a static image doesn\u2019t drive the narrative as effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The Ken Burns effect: where history becomes storytelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: When you animate these images, you give veracity to the story that you\u2019re telling because it seems like you\u2019re recording it, but you\u2019re not recording it. It\u2019s already recorded and it already has a point of view, but you\u2019re giving it another point of view but erasing your editorial component, which is kind of mesmerizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: In the \u201cSports\u201d section, for example, photography becomes the moment itself. Photography becomes, \u201cI was there.\u201d Not just the artifact of the moment, but the moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Then you further re-create that moment in this space of iconicity, this museum, and then it\u2019s that moment that represents an entire movement, and era, and theme for this section, which is of politics and sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: One element that I think we move into here is this\u2014is the stuff the general public likes about black people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: The museum is very restrained in how much it wants to dislodge what you like. The leap to a triumphal narrative is really quick. You move from John Carlos to LeBron James and Michael Jordan very quickly without problematizing the premise; of course sports have a logical placement in the history that is mapped throughout the museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: These vitrines make the political aspect bloodless, because they give you a moment in time, iconized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Once you make a monument out of something, you know you can\u2019t take it down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Black American or American?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: This museum is a metaphorical rise through time, and it is not subtle about the movement upward being correlated with progress. So, of course, the uppermost galleries are devoted to art and music, because culture is that most rarefied of achievements. Yet these painting galleries are strangely disconnected from everything that has come before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: This is one of those instances where the objects have no political or historical context. And if the viewer has not been in the history galleries, this is a seriously confusing space and a missed opportunity. At the same time, it shows us the canon of black art from Aaron Douglass to William T. Williams to Amy Sherald in a white-cube setting. I\u2019m looking at two things right now. I\u2019m looking at the William T. Williams, you see the work when you enter the space. But then also considering the Charles Alston quote facing it: \u201cI don\u2019t believe there is such a thing as \u2018black art,\u2019 though there\u2019s certainly been a black experience. I\u2019ve lived it. But it\u2019s also an American experience.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13725\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13725 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13725\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13725\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13726 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art.jpg\" class=\"slider-13725 slide-13726\" alt=\"Galleries of Painting and Sculpture: a bright abstract canvas by William T. Williams against a deep blue wall\" rel=\"\" title=\"7j NMAAHC Visual Art\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-560x420.jpg 560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-620x465.jpg 620w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7j-NMAAHC-Visual-Art-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Galleries of painting and sculpture, detail of <em>Truckin<\/em> (1969) by William T. Williams (b. 1942)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13727 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537.jpg\" class=\"slider-13725 slide-13727\" alt=\"portrait of a man in a striped shirt and green trousers against a bright white background\" rel=\"\" title=\"7k NMAAHC Hendricks\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/7k-NMAAHC-Hendricks-e1589839839537-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">National Museum for African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2019. Galleries of painting and sculpture, detail of a painting by Barkley Hendricks (1945\u20132017)<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is certainly something I\u2019m familiar with, in terms of canonical black art, and the idea of representation at the center of it. So, William T. Williams starting his career in the 1960s. At that moment, there was this real push to make art for the people. There were stipulations about art speaking this explicit language of liberation. Maulana Karenga stated, \u201cOur creative motif must be revolution; all art that does not discuss or contribute to revolutionary change is invalid.\u201d<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-15' id='fnref-13526-15' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>15<\/a><\/sup> That was an emphatic sentiment in the moment, yet NMAAHC introduced the art section with an abstract work from this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Beginning with Williams\u2019s abstract canvas immediately locates us in today\u2019s blue chip understanding of \u201chigh art\u201d and modernism. Black abstraction was famously left out of the Guggenheim\u2019s <em>Abstraction in the Twentieth Century: Total Risk, Freedom, Discipline<\/em> (1996), which was \u201ccorrected\u201d by Kellie Jones\u2019s <em>Energy\/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction, 1964\u20131980<\/em> at the Studio Museum in Harlem (2006). This opening appears to be part of that ongoing curatorial retort to places like the Whitney and the Guggenheim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the juxtaposition with that Alston quote begs the question, What is black art? Or rather, What is black about this art? It\u2019s been a contested issue for a long time, since the very instance of its emergence. Reminds me of how the late Zaha Hadid used to ridicule this dubious question: \u201cIs there a female aesthetic in architecture?\u201d What would be a feminist aesthetic in architecture? Is it merely because it\u2019s made by a woman? Whereas here, it\u2019s a little bit more complex. In how you\u2019re going to deal with the idea of the black experience in a shared medium. It evinces the contradiction that Darby English and Charlotte Barat have addressed with regard to MoMA\u2019s recent reshuffling of its priorities, \u201cThe sheer variousness of art embarrasses and sometimes explodes the unities upon which every premise of the art museum depends. In this sense the museum is in conflict with art.\u201d<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-16' id='fnref-13526-16' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another decision which is entirely bizarre is the problematic relationship mapped in this museum between Africa and African American spirituality and\/or creativity. A lot of African art that was appropriated by people like Alain Locke in order to furnish evidence of the creative origins of black people in America is not yet familiar to the general public, yet its appropriations and misappropriations, by all ethnicities, is everywhere. The National Museum of African Art is down the street, and by comparison to this museum, there\u2019s hardly ever anyone in there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: That question, that idea of the manufactured authenticity of these things came from somewhere in an expression of origins. Yet, I think there\u2019s more of an understanding now and an actual connection in terms of diaspora. But, I think there\u2019s also\u2014it\u2019s sort of a cheap tactic on some artists\u2019 part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: Perhaps also to confirm the audience\u2019s expectations of authenticity, in terms of \u201cAfrican origins.\u201d What it does is reinforce the idea of \u201cprimitive\u201d Africa. Baldwin articulated this conundrum when living in Paris during the colonial period: \u201cThe French African comes from a region and a way of life which\u2014at least from the American point of view\u2014is exceedingly primitive, and where exploitation takes more naked forms.\u201d<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-17' id='fnref-13526-17' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>17<\/a><\/sup> This is all to say that <em>primitivism<\/em> is not delimited by race. At the center of the cultural galleries is an important work of Yoruba sculpture by a celebrated court artist, Ol\u00f3w\u00e8 of Is\u00e8, from the early twentieth century, with the tripartite capital that inspired the design for this museum. What is it doing there? To me it shows that this is primarily a history museum; art is essential to the story, but more as witness to the narrative of progress than as a protagonist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: The spaces downstairs definitively set up the major facets of the black narrative. What you\u2019re saying about this embroidering is well stated. But remembering the origins and founding of this museum, the narrative and scale of it were just so eagerly anticipated and desperately desired. It is a pilgrimage site, not unlike Montgomery, but on a much grander scale. Black people in America have been seeking this affirmation, a public affirmation, a visible affirmation. An official endorsement by the country that the reality and repercussions of oppression are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: There\u2019s something about the situatedness, the claim made by its location, alongside the kind of relics that they have downstairs that are important for people to see. That\u2019s what relics have always been for: they carry the potency of the past and its potential into the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: People go there to affirm their sense of an existing narrative. In other galleries there are less well-known or specialized aspects of the black experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: The other thing I find interesting is that this museum is insistently about American history throughout. It locates you in the familiar before it tells you something that you didn\u2019t know. How many people who are not black in this museum recognize the history they learned here? Or are they looking anthropologically, at somebody else\u2019s country? Is it capable of bringing this plurality together as something universally recognizable? Or it is still \u201cother,\u201d even though it\u2019s on the National Mall and is the National Museum?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: I wonder about the sense of the Smithsonian overall having these permeable boundaries. Because you\u2019ve got African American history here, but does its existence mitigate inclusion in those other spaces that are dealing with the same history? Does the Smithsonian recognize responsibility to fully incorporate all of these different kinds of contributions into overall or essential American history?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: You have the competing, or perhaps complementary, museums. But once history is parceled out by ethnicity or race, it\u2019s never going to satisfy everybody. We can\u2019t have a comprehensive holistic view of history that represents everybody in one space, because it\u2019s very difficult to have a synchronic presentation of the past if you don\u2019t have an organizational device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bradford<\/strong>: Our sense of history is fluid, but I don\u2019t think the museum allows that flexibility\u2014the reality that this version of history will grow and change, and the viewer can ask questions and participate in the making of history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majeed<\/strong>: So we end where we began: Who is the audience for the EJI and NMAAHC? And what does the National Museum do to reach a different type of audience? Is it its job to reach a different kind of audience? Does it want to engage the people who do not know this history? I hope so, because we seem to be at the precipice of repeating it, if we don\u2019t accept it as American history.<sup class='footnote'><a href='#fn-13526-18' id='fnref-13526-18' onclick='return fdfootnote_show(13526)'>18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-13754\" style=\"max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-19-1 ml-slider-pro-2-18-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-13754 ml-slider ml-slider-lightbox-1-11-3 lightbox-disabled ms-theme-architekt nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden nav-hidden\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_13754\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_13754\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13756 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed.jpg\" class=\"slider-13754 slide-13756\" alt=\"recumbent steel marker with the names of lynching victims in the forground and the hanging markers of the memorial in the background\" rel=\"\" title=\"11b EJI Memorial unclaimed\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed.jpg 2560w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed-500x375.jpg 500w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed-1000x750.jpg 1000w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed-720x540.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11b-EJI-Memorial-unclaimed-560x420.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018. The unclaimed duplicate commemorative markers lying recumbent at the foot of the memorial. As of October 2018 not a single county had claimed its commemorative marker.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-13755 ms-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351.jpg\" class=\"slider-13754 slide-13755\" alt=\"recumbent steel marker with the names of lynching victims from Montgomery County, Alabama\" rel=\"\" title=\"11 a EJI Memorial\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 56.25%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351.jpg 1920w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351-150x200.jpg 150w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351-375x500.jpg 375w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351-750x1000.jpg 750w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351-720x960.jpg 720w, http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/11-a-EJI-Memorial-e1589840090351-560x747.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">MASS Design Group Equal Justice Initiative, National Memorial for Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama, 2018. Detail showing the unclaimed marker for Montgomery County<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.ithaca.edu\/rmajeed\/\">Risham Majeed<\/a><\/strong> has a PhD in art history from Columbia University and is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Art History at Ithaca College. Majeed specializes in medieval art in western Europe and the historical arts of Africa. She has curated two exhibitions, <em>Made to Move: African Nomadic Design<\/em> and <em>Get Real: Seeking Authenticity in African Art<\/em>, with her students at Ithaca College. Her most recent publication is \u201cAgainst Primitivism: Meyer Schapiro\u2019s Early Writings on African and Medieval Art,\u201d <em>RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics<\/em> 71\/72 (2019): 295\u2013311. She is currently completing a book, &#8220;Primitive before Primitivism: Medieval and African Art in the 19th Century.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Blake Bradford<\/strong> is a Philadelphia-based writer and educator. He shares his expertise on visual art and museums via conferences and panels, media appearances, and both mass-market and scholarly writing. Highlights of his work include his 2001 catalog entry for the seminal <em>Freestyle<\/em> exhibition at the Studio Museum in Harlem, \u201cThis Is Why: Expanding Opportunities for Educational Engagement,\u201d presented at the 2016 National Council of Arts Administrators Conference, and the chapter \u201cAin\u2019t No Stoppin\u2019 Us Now\u201d in the 2019 <em>Routledge Companion to African American Art History<\/em>. He holds a BA in art history from Williams College and an MA in art history from the University of Texas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n\n<div class='footnotes' id='footnotes-13526'><div class='footnotedivider'><\/div><ol><li id='fn-13526-1'>James Baldwin, \u201cNobody Knows My Name: A Letter from the South,\u201d in <em>James Baldwin: Collected Essays<\/em>, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Literary Classics of America, 1998), 197. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-1'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-2'> Zadie Smith, \u201cWhat Do We Want History to Do to Us?,\u201d <em>New York Review of Books<\/em>, February 27, 2020. Smith\u2019s essay was originally commissioned for <em>Fons Americanus<\/em> at the Tate Modern in London; see Clara Kim, ed., <em>Hyundai Commission, Kara Walker: &#8220;Fons Americanus&#8221;<\/em> (London: Tate Publishing, 2019), 32\u201353. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-2'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-3'> The unseen though palpable friction in Montgomery between official and forgotten is encapsulated in Smith\u2019s observation, \u201cPublic art claiming to represent our collective memory is just as often a work of historical erasure and political manipulation. It is just as often the violent inscription of myth over truth, a form of \u2018over-writing\u2019\u2014one story overlaid and thus obscuring another\u2014modelled in three dimensions\u201d (Smith, &#8220;What Do We Want History to Do to Us?,&#8221; 37). The Confederate monuments on the Capitol hill should be understood as myths \u201cmodelled in three dimensions.\u201d <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-3'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-4'> The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adjaye.com\/projects\/civic-buildings\/smithsonian-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture-nmaahc\/\">project description<\/a> adds, \u201cSir David Adjaye\u2019s approach has been to establish both a meaningful relationship to this unique site as well as a strong conceptual resonance with America\u2019s deep and longstanding African heritage.\u201d For more on the Yoruba caryatid posts see John Pemberton III, \u201cArt and Rituals for Yoruba Sacred Kings,\u201d <em>Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies<\/em> 15 (1989): 96\u2013111, 174; Roslyn A. Walker, <em>Ol\u00f3w\u00e8 of Is\u00e8: A Yoruba Sculptor to Kings <\/em>(Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1998); and Nii O. Quarcoopome, \u201cThree Works by Ol\u00f3w\u00e8 of Is\u00e8,\u201d <em>Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts<\/em> 85 (2011): 42\u201351. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-4'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-5'> Toni Morrison, quoted in Hilton Als, \u201cToni Morrison\u2019s Profound and Unrelenting Vision,\u201c <em>New Yorker<\/em> January 27, 2020. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-5'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-6'> Throughout this piece we are employing the term \u201crace\u201d as it is grounded in the scientistic attitudes of the Enlightenment. Recent scholarship, emerging from medieval studies and literary history, has put forth claims that place the notion of \u201cracism\u201d as a premodern concept. See especially Cord J. Whitaker, <em>Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking<\/em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019); and Geraldine Heng, <em>The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-6'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-7'> The exhibition and catalog <em>Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange Across Medieval Saharan Africa<\/em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), curated and edited by Kathleen Bickford Berzock and held at the Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University, is a pathbreaking look at the networks of exchange between Africa and the globe in the medieval period. See also Sarah Gu\u00e9rin, \u201cIvory and the Ties That Bind,\u201d in <em>Whose Middle Ages?<\/em>, ed. Andrew Albin et al. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2019), 140\u201353; Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Fauvelle, <em>The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages <\/em>(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018); Michael Gomez, <em>African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa <\/em>(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019); and Alisa Lagamma, ed., <em>Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara<\/em> (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2020). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-7'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-8'> Research in Portugese archives related to the Kingdom of Kongo has enriched our understanding of this period. See especially C\u00e9cile Fromont, <em>The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of<\/em> <em>Kongo<\/em> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015); and Alisa Lagamma, ed., <em>Kongo: Power and Majesty<\/em> (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-8'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-9'> The iconic image of a British slave ship packed with human cargo is the fulcrum for the \u201cMiddle Passage\u201d displays; images in these galleries especially are used chiefly as evidence for the circumstances of the slave trade. The same image has come to be reappropriated as a symbol of struggle and liberation, a point fleshed out in Cheryl Finley, <em>Committed to Memory: The Art of the Slave Ship Icon <\/em>(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-9'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-10'> The panel, \u201cWho\u2019s Not in the Picture?,\u201d was organized by the head of education at the Frick Collection, Rika Burnham. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RKHw7ENLlxk\">entire conversation<\/a> is available on YouTube. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-10'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-11'> Alo\u00efs Riegl, \u201cThe Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Character and Its Origin (1903),\u201d translated by Kurt W. Foster and Diane Ghirardo, <em>Oppositions<\/em> 25 (1982): 21\u201351. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-11'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-12'> See Linda M. Heywood, <em>Njinga of Angola: Africa\u2019s Warrior Queen <\/em>(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-12'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-13'> The exhibition pamphlet notes, \u201cA shackled cast-iron stake is driven into the top of the column and pulls the flutes down into the center, destabilizing the pristine purity of the column\u2019s classical form.\u201d The title of the installation, <em>Liberty<\/em>, invokes the ideals of American democracy in its early years, which embraced Neoclassical style as an expression of continuity with Periclean Athens. Indeed, the architecture of the pavilion itself is Palladian, just as Jefferson\u2019s home, Monticello, was modeled on Palladian classicism. Monticello now operates as a house museum and has finally <a href=\"https:\/\/www.monticello.org\/sallyhemings\/\">highlighted Hemings\u2019s quarters<\/a> as an integral part of its history. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-13'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-14'> Monuments to women who were lynched are not nearly as prominent; but black women were also lynched for petty crimes and frequently raped beforehand. Many black women were also lynched for protesting the lynching of a male spouse or family member. There are more efforts underway to tell the stories of the women subjected to racial violence: see especially <a href=\"http:\/\/www.maryturner.org\/\">the Mary Turner project<\/a>; Julie Buckner Armstrong, <em>Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching<\/em> (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011); Leon Litwack, <em>Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow<\/em> (New York: Knopf, 1999); and Evelyn Simien, <em>Gender and Lynching: The Politics of Memory<\/em> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). Black women were more involved in antilynching movements and functioned as catalysts for drawing attention to racial violence at a time when the print media ignored the issue. See Mary B. Murphy, \u201cThe Eyes of the World Are upon Us: The Politics of Lynching,\u201d in <em>Jim Crow Capital: Women and Black Freedom Struggles in Washington, D.C., 1920\u20131945<\/em> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 46\u201371; and Jordynn Jack and Lucy Massagee, \u201cLadies and Lynching: Southern Women, Civil Rights, and the Rhetoric of Interracial Cooperation,\u201d <em>Rhetoric and Public Affairs<\/em> 14 (2011): 493\u2013510. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-14'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-15'> Maulana Karenga, \u201cOn Black Art,\u201d <em>Black Theatre<\/em> 4 (1969). <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-15'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-16'> Charlotte Barat and Darby English, \u201cBlackness at MoMA: A Legacy of Deficit,\u201d in <em>Among Others: Blackness at MoMA<\/em>, ed. English and Barat (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2019), 15. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-16'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-17'> James Baldwin, \u201cEncounter on the Seine: Black Meets Brown,\u201d in Baldwin, <em>Collected Essays,<\/em> 88. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-17'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id='fn-13526-18'> Just as this article was going to press we learned of the murder of Ahmaud Arbery in Georgia, which the mayor of Atlanta, Keisha Lance Bottoms, characterized as a \u201clynching.\u201d See George Yancy, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/12\/opinion\/ahmaud-arbery-georgia-lynching.html\">Ahmaud Arbery and the Ghosts of Lynchings Past<\/a>,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, May 12, 2020. <span class='footnotereverse'><a href='#fnref-13526-18'>&#8617;<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Art historians Risham Majeed and Blake Bradford offer a proxy visit to three still-new sites dedicated to African American history<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":13553,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kia_subtitle":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[411,412,413,414,415,416,417,434,418],"class_list":["post-13526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conversations","tag-artjournalopen","tag-caavisual","tag-equaljusticeinitiative","tag-karawalker","tag-lynchingmemorial","tag-martinpuryear","tag-nmaahc","tag-rishammajeed","tag-smithsonian",""],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13526","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13526"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13526\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/artjournal.collegeart.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}